Bullous emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease characterized by the formation of large air-filled spaces,
known as bullae, within the lung tissue. These bullae arise from the
destruction of alveolar walls and coalesce into large spaces that
can occupy significant portions of the lung. The pathogenesis
involves chronic inflammation, often due to smoking or
environmental exposure, leading to the breakdown of elastic lung
tissue. As a result, individuals with bullous emphysema experience
symptoms such as shortness of breath, reduced exercise tolerance,
and an increased risk of pneumothorax (collapsed lung) if a bulla
ruptures. Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging, with chest X-rays
or CT scans showing enlarged air spaces devoid of lung markings (Etesami)

Carcinoid tumors arise from Kulchitsky cells of the bronchial epithelium which are the stem cells having neuroendocrine activity.

60 years of age. A female predominance

attached to the bronchus by a broad base, may have a polypoid appearance.

Necrosis is present, and they tend to be more aggressive.

•  single hilar or perihilar mass which is usually well-defined, round or ovoid
• can be of any size but are typically 2-5 cm
• there is often marked homogeneous contrast enhancement due to high vascularity
• calcification (usually eccentric) can occur but is not a common feature

Immunochemistry of atypical carcinoid positive for chromogranin

higher probability to metastasize, to recur, and to have a worse outcome and prognosis.

the 5-year survival ranges from  65% to 75% in

Carcinoid Tumor Causing Post Obstructive Atelectasis

CT Obstructing Nodule in the Left Main Stem Bronchus

 

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