HISTORY OF TOBACCO
Prehistory nicotine metabolites were found in human remains and pipes in the Near East and Africa
6000 BC tobacco plant growing in the Americas.
7th century B.C.E. – 476 C.E. PreColumbian era
7th century B.C.E. – 476 C.E.
1492 AD Columbus Discovers Tobacco
Aztec women are handed flowers and smoking tubes before eating at a banquet, Florentine Codex, 16th century
Public Domain
1575 Roman Catholic Church passes a law against smoking in certain place
1577 tobacco – panacea for toothache, worms, halitosis, lockjaw & cancer
1600s Popes ban smoking in holy places
1604 ENGLAND King James I increase import tax on tobacco 4,000%
1606 SPAIN King restricts tobacco being grown in specific locations.
1619 Berkeley VA . first American Thanksgiving celebrates a good tobacco crop
1638 In China, use or distribution of tobacco – a crime punishable by decapitation
1639 New York governor Kieft bans smoking in New Amsterdam
1647 Colony of Connecticut bans public smoking
Public Domain
1650 Colony of Connecticut General Court orders no smoking under age of 21
1665 mortal effect of “a drop of distilled oil of tobacco.” on a cat is noted
The Eighteenth Century- era of snuff
1761 John Hill, London physician notes vulnerability of snuff users to nose cancer
1762 General Israel Putnam introduces cigar-smoking to the US
1781 Jefferson – tobacco cultivation in the western regions on the Mississippi.
1788 New Orleans – Americans export tobacco from the Mississippi valley
1794 U.S Congress passes the first federal excise tax on tobacco products,
1798 physician Benjamin Rush warns medical dangers of tobacco
The Nineteenth Century- era of the Cigar
1800’s cigars smoked by gentlemen -cigarettes- sweepings off floor of the cigar factory, were only smoked by the very poor.
1800 Tobacco commercially grown in Canada
1809 FRANCE Louis Nicolas Vanquelin first isolates nicotine from tobacco smoke
1830s First organized anti-tobacco movement in US begins
1843 The correct molecular formula of nicotine is established
1845 Prosper Merimee’s publishes, “Carmen”-cigarette girl in an Andalusian factory
A carving from the temple at Palenque, Mexico, depicting a Mayan priest u
Early or mid 19th century
Public Domain
1846-1848 MEXICAN WAR US soldiers bring back cigar.
1847 Philip Morris opens shop; sells hand-rolled Turkish cigarettes
1849 J.E. Liggett and Brother is established in St. Louis, Mo.
1852 Matches are introduced, making smoking more convenient
1855 J.E. Lundstrom invents the safety match, – requires a special striking surface
1860 The Census for Virginia and North Carolina list 348 tobacco factories
1860 Manufactured cigarettes appear (popular brand Bull Durham)
1861-1865 THE CIVIL WAR Tobacco is given with rations by both North and South
1863 US Mandates Cigar Boxes.
1864 1st American cigarette factory opens- produces almost 20 million cigarettes
1875 Allen and Ginter offer a reward of $75,000 for cigarette rolling machine
1880 Bonsack machine granted first cigarette machine patent
1886 Tampa, FL Don Vicente Martinez Ybor opens his first cigar factory.
1887 “If you think smoking injurious to your health, stop smoking in the morning”.
1890 26 states and territories outlaw the sale of cigarettes to minors
1800-1899
Albumen print. Wellcome Collection.
Wellcome Collection.
Wellcome Collection.
Twentieth Century – The Rise of the Cigarette
1900 – 2000
Caggiano, A. (Photographer)
Date:
[between 1900 and 1909?]
Wellcome London Public Domain
Gardiner, James
Date:
1910
Wellcome London Licence: In copyright
Finzi, Alfredo, active approximately 1900-approximately 1926.
Date: [between 1910 and 1919?]
Reference: ,2046009i Wellcome
Howard, C. T
In Copyright Wellcome London
Science Museum, London 1940-1950’s?
Collage of cigarette advertisements of the early 20th century revealing a portrayal of elegance, feminism, and manhood. The advertising campaigns worked well for the cigarette companies but had a dismal result on health. The third image from the left in the top row shows a physician who states that “Luckies are less irritating”
The world war brought free cigarettes to the soldiers from the tobacco companies. The effect on the soldiers and the culture was a devastating rise in carcinoma 20 years after the event, with peaks in the incidence of carcinoma in the 1940’s and then in the 1960’s.
54458 code historical
Ashley Davidoff MD
The CommonVein.net
54457 code historical
image license was automatically confirmed using the Flickr API
www.rarehistoricalphotos.com
1941 Dr. DeBakey correlation- sale of tobacco and prevalence of lung cancer
1948 Lung cancer grows 5 times faster than other cancers since
1949
Chalmers Butterfield – Kodachrome photograph by Chalmers Butterfield.
History and Lung Cancer
The relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was first suspected over 60 years ago by Muller and Ochsner and DeBakey.
1900 4.4 billion cigarettes are sold
1901 anti-cigarette activity in 43/45 states except Wyoming and Louisiana
1904 New York woman jailed for 30 days for smoking in front of her children
1905 “Tobacco” struck from US Pharmacopoeia – government listing of drugs.
1909 Baseball great Honus Wagner orders American Tobacco Company to take his picture off their “Sweet Caporal” cigarette packs, fearing they would lead children to smoke. The shortage makes the Honus Wagner card the most valuable of all time, worth close to $500,000.
1911 Tobacco -growing allowed in England for the first time in more than 250 years
1921 Iowa adds its own cigarette tax (2c a pack) onto federal excise levy (6c)
1922 15 states ban sale, manufacture/possession/advertising and use of cigarettes.
1924 73 billion cigarettes sold in US
1927 Kansas is the last state to drop its ban on cigarette sales
1929 Frederick Hoffman- no definite evidence that smoking habits are a direct contributory cause toward malignant growths in the lungs.”
1930 German researchers make statistical correlation between cancer and smoking
1934 Garrison Act – outlaws marijuana & other drugs; tobacco not considered
1939-1945 WWII Roosevelt makes tobacco a protected crop.
1939-1945 WWII Cigarettes included in GI’s C-Rations.
1900 only references to a total of 100 cases of lung cancer
1912 374 cases in the literature
1914 WW I – Smoking is rife – wait for a 15-20 year latency
1920’s Primary carcinoma of the lung – an uncommon cancer
1924 73 billion cigarettes sold in US
1929 Frederick Hoffman- no definite evidence that smoking related to lung cancer
1930 major hazard following a marked increase in smoking in the male population
1930 German researchers make statistical correlation between cancer and smoking
1930 Lung cancer is on the rise
1939-45 WW II Smoking is rife – wait for a 15-20 year latency
1941 Dr. DeBakey correlation- sale of tobacco and prevalence of lung cancer
1948 Lung cancer grows 5 times faster than other cancers since 1938
1950 Epidemiological studies provide powerful links – smoking and lung cancer
1950 Doll and Hill BMJ heavy smokers 50X increase in lung cancer.
1950 18,000 deaths in the US from lung cancer
1960′ Incidence of lung cancer peaks
1992 Incidence dropped 37% from 1973 to 1992
1997 158,000 deaths in the US from lung cancer
1999 171,600 new cases of lung cancer accounts for 31% of cancer deaths in men and 25% cancer deaths in women, total of 158,900 deaths.”
2000 smoking is responsible for 1/6 deaths in the United States.
45million Americans smoke;
about 2.4 million are teenagers
2001 +/-160,000 people died-600% increase-age-adjusted death rate vs 1930.