Introduction

Asbestos derived from the Greek, meaning “inextinguishable” or “unquenchable”.
It is a collective term for a group of of fibrous mineral silicates of the serpentine and amphibole groups that break into fibers when crushed rather than into dust They are heat and acid -resistant minerals.
Asbestos is a group of naturally-occuring minerals, such as chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite. It is often used for insulation and in other building aspects. When these microscopic bundles of fibers are inhaled into the lungs, they can casue health problems such as asbestosis, mesothelioma, and cancer. Asbestos is a is a mineral that is as soft and flexible as cotton, yet it is fireproof.
The generic name “asbestos” belongs to a group of minerals called “asbestiform” minerals. Asbestos is a fibrous material which is mined from serpentine rock. Basically, rock was mined and crushed. When the rock was crushed, fibrous stands of asbestos were extracted from the rock. The strands where put in bags and shipped to manufacturing facilities were the asbestos was used as an ingredient in insulation and other materials. The three most commonly used forms of asbestos in product manufacturing were chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite.

Although asbestos products have not been used in construction since approximately 1975, the products in place present a clear danger to individuals involved in repair work and the demolition of structures containing asbestos products

Asbestos bodies – an artistic impression Courtesy Ashley Davidoff MD. 32697

 

Asbestosis

Abestosis is a disease characterized by the signs and symptoms associated with the inhalation of asbesos particles.Asbestosis is the most common occupational lung disease among the inorganic dust-related chronic pulmonary conditions. Asbestos and asbestos related products were widely used for thermal and electric insulation as well an in the mining and construction industries.

Starting on the 1940’s asbestos products including the serpentine (chrysotile) and the amphiboles (i.e., crocidolite, amosite, tremolite, anthophyllite) were widely used in all previously mentioned fields of the industry until the 1970’s when it was mostly replaced with synthetic mineral fibers. Nowadays the field most at risk for asbestos exposure is the demolition industry. Asbestos use is now better regulated in developed countries but continues to be a threat to the health of working populations in less-developed countries where its use is poorly regulated.

Exposure to these mineral silicates was not limited to people dealing directly with the material. Although less frequently, there are cases of asbestosis correlated with moderate exposure as with second hand exposure due to sharing of the same work place or exposure to clothing of workers dealing with asbestos.

After asbestos exposure (usually for more than 10 years) the lungs may show a restrictive pattern which means that there is a decrease in lung volumes due to fibrosis. The degree of fibrosis is correlated with the intensity and duration of exposure.

Principles

Three types
blue (crocidolite), brown (amosite) and white (chrysotile
induces fibrosis in the interstitium
lower lung fields
follows a loss of elasticity in the lung tissue

The first lesions found in asbestosis are identified in the alveolar ducts and peribronchiolar regions (small airways). Deposited asbestos fibers attract alveolar macrophages which in turn induce the inflammatory and fibrotic lesions in the lungs.

Honeycombing occurs in the most extreme cases of the disease where there is extensive fibrosis and the lungs present small and stiff.

Historical Aspects

B.C.
The Greek geographer Strabo, and Pliny The Elder, Roman Historian, observed lung disease in slaves who wove asbestos into cloth. It was called “disease of slaves.” Pliny refers to the use of a transparent bladder skin as a respirator to avoid inhalation of dust by slaves.

1877
First Asbestos Mine opened in Canada

1882
Keasby & Mattison conceives idea of using heat resisting asbestos fibers as reinforcement agent in 85% magnesia pipe insulation.

1897
Jones reports that in New York, there were “hundreds of buildings plastered with asbestic.” “Asbestos and Asbestic”, J. Soc. Arts.

1918
Asbestosis reported in marine fireman, Pancost & Miller, Am. J. Roentgenol.

1924
Cooke reports death of young woman in a British asbestos factory due to “pulmonary asbestosis.”

1927, a foreman in an asbestos textile plant in Massachusetts filed the first workers’ compensation disability claim for asbestosis.

1928
Article entitled “Pulmonary Asbestosis” appears in Asbestos Magazine, a trade journal for the asbestos industry.

1929
Haddo reports case of asbestosis in person living next door to an asbestos factory.

1930
First U.S. autopsy established the existence of asbestos lung disease on this side of the Atlantic.
Chief Surgeon of U.S. Bureau of Mines reports case of asbestosis in a man who had been exposed to asbestos while doing maintenance work in a government hospital. The maintenance worker received compensation for his asbestosis. Wilcox, Proceedings of Conf. Re Effects of Dusts upon Respir. System. Wisconsin (1932).

1931
Great Britain enacts laws to regulate asbestos exposure levels for plant workers.

1932
Encyclopedia Britannica identifies asbestos fibers as a cause of lung cancer.

1932
Concerns raised about potential for disease among office workers and commuters in buildings and tunnels where sprayed on asbestos materials were present. Lancet and McLaughlin, Lancet (1953).

1934
Ellman reports asbestosis in an insulation worker. Br. J. Radiol.

1935
Lynch and Smith report cases of asbestosis and lung cancer in American Journal of Cancer. As little as 19 months exposure. Gloyne also reports asbestosis-cancer deaths in Tubercle.

1942
Holleb and Angrist report two cases of bronchogenic carcinoma associated with asbestosis. Am. J. Pathol.

1944
Hutchinson warns of asbestos risk in U.S. industrial journal for construction workers. Heating and Ventilating.

1944
Editorial in Journal of American Medical Association linking asbestos and lung cancer

1946
Eight (8) cases of asbestosis and lung cancer in insulator by Chief Inspector of Factories.

1947
Pleural mesothelioma reported in an insulator. New Engl J. Med.

1949
Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the Year 1947, Great Britain, reports survey of asbestos related cancer deaths in English asbestos factories. Warns of need for dust control among construction workers.

1951
Stoll, Bass and Angrist report case of lung cancer and asbestosis in insulator and emphasized “the hazards of industrial exposure…. and need for preventive measures.” Arch. Int. Med.

1954
Steamfitters, plumbers and pipefitters identified as potentially hazardous trade because of asbestosis and lung cancer in California. Authors suggest further studies. Breslow et al, Am. J. Publ. Health.

1955
Doll reports on Mortality from Lung Cancer in Asbestos Workers. Br. J.Indust. Med. Doll observed 113 factory workers between 1935 and 1953 and reported 39 deaths.

1956
Chief Inspector of Factories in Great Britain calls attention to hazards of asbestos cement work, demolition and with breaking of sacks of asbestos cements. Annual Rept. Of Chf.. Insp. Of Factories.

1962
Pleural mesotheliomas reported in long time shipyard workers. McCaughey, Br. Med. J.

1930 Second article bearing same name appears in Asbestos Magazine.
1929-1931 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“Met Life”) conducts industrial hygiene surveys of Johns-Manville Corporation and Raybestos-Manhattan Corporation facilities.
1934 Met Life study, entitled “Effects of Inhalation of Asbestos Dust on the Lungs of Asbestos Workers” reports that prolonged exposure to asbestos dust causes pulmonary fibrosis and that asbestosis could in severe cases, be fatal.
1941 Asbestos Textile Institute (“ATI”), a trade association of producers of asbestos-containing cloth, is formed.
1941 Industry sponsored medical research in Saranac Lake, New York demonstrates health hazards of asbestos.
1940’s ATI documents reflect frequent
1950’s Discussions and presentations pertaining to appropriate medical practices and to the funding of a study to possibly refute reports of the asbestos/cancer link.
1942 Manufacturer of asbestos insulation products compiles its “weapon in reserve”, over 600 pages of medical articles about the dangers of asbestos.
1943 Saranac Lake scientists inform asbestos insulation manufacturers that their products “have the makings of a first-class hazard”.
1940’s Despite this knowledge, asbestos industry continues to manufacture and sell asbestos insulation products.
1957 ATI decides to reject asbestos/cancer study because it would serve only to “stir up a hornet’s nest and put the whole industry under suspicion”.
1958 Published version of Quebec Asbestos Mining Association report concludes that asbestos miners did not suffer from higher incidence of lung cancer than did general population. Unpublished version, concealed by asbestos industry, shows that opposite is true

Classification

Asbestosis is a diffuse interstitial disease. It can be classified on the basis of its forms.It is the form of asbestosis that detemines whether the disease occurs.
Asbestose primarily has two forms: The serpentine form which has curly and flexible fibers or the amphibole form which has straight and brittle fibers.
The amphibole form has a greater pathogenicity. Though both the forms increase fibrosis in the lung, the amphibole form is also linked to mesotheliomas.

Statistics

It has been estimated that over 25 million people have been exposed to asbestos in the past 40 years.  In 1992, there were 959 deaths from asbestosis.

White: 898 (93.6%)
Black: 57 (5.9%)
Other: 4 (0.4%)

Geographuc Considerations

Asbestos minerals:

– Serpentine

Chrysotile (white asbestos)

Location of major deposits:

Canada (Quebec, British Columbia, Yukon, Newfoundland ), Russia, China (Szechwan), Brazil, Mediterranean countries (Cyprus, Corsica, Greece, Italy), southern Africa (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Swaziland)

Comercial use:

Asbestos cement products (pipes, gutters, tiles, roofing); insulation, fireproofing, reinforced plastics (fan blades, electric switchgear); textiles; friction materials; paper products; filters, spray-on products

– Amphibole

Crocidolite (blue asbestos)

Location of major deposits:

South Africa (Northwest Cape ), western Australia

Comercial use:

Used in combination, mostly in cement but also in many of the products listed above

Amosite (brown asbestos)

Location of major deposits:

South Africa (northern province, former Transvaal)

Anthophyllite

Location of major deposits:

Finland

Comercial use:

Filler in rubber and plastics

Tremolite (No commercial use)

Contaminates ore in certain asbestos, talc, iron, and vermiculite mines; also found in some agricultural soils

May or may not be removed in processing; has rural domestic uses (e.g., stucco)

Cummington-grunerite (No commercial use)

Contaminates ore in certain iron mines (often not fibrous

Population Groups

From 1991-1992 there were 578 deaths from asbestosis in studied states. The most frequently recorded occupations on death certificates of deceased from asbestosis were:

Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters: 46
Electricians: 31
Insulation workers: 29
Carpenters: 25
Laborers (excluding construction): 24
Supervisors, precision production workers: 18
Boilermakers: 18
Managers, administrators: 17
Welders, cutters: 17
Janitors, cleaners: 15
Other/not reported: 338

The most freuently recorded industries on death certificates of deceased from asbestosis were:

Construction: 149
Ship and boat building/repairing: 50
Industrial/miscellaneous chemicals: 23
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral stone products: 23
Railroads: 17
General government: 17
Yarn, thread, and fabric mills: 11
Other rubber products, plastic footwear, belting: 9
Unspecified manufacturing industries: 9
Trucking service: 9
Other/not reported: 261

Among those at risk are persons engaged in milling the ore, the manufacture of asbestos products, lagging, asbestos spraying, building, demolition, and laundering of asbestos worker’s overalls.

Sex Distribution

In 1992, there were 959 deaths from asbestosis in the US.

Male: 923 (96.2%)
Female: 36 (3.8%)

Age Distribution

In 1992, there were 959 deaths from asbestosis.

15-34: 0 (0%)
35-44: 3 (0.3%)
45-54: 13 (1.4%)
55-64: 124 (12.9%)
65-74: 371 (38.6%)
75-84: 355 (37%)
85+: 93 (9.7%)

Etiologic Agent

Asbestosis, similar to the other pneumoconioses, depends on the interaction of inhaled fibers with lung macrophages and other parenchymal cells. The initial injury occurs at bifurcations of small airways and ducts, where the stiff fibers land and penetrate. Macrophages both alveolar and interstitial attempt to ingest and clear the fibers and are activated to release chemotactic factors and fibrogenic mediators that amplify the response. Chronic deposition of fibers and persistent release of mediators eventually leads to generalized interstitial pulmonary inflammation and interstitial fibrosis. It is not completely understood why silicosis is a nodular fibrosing disease and asbestosis a diffuse interstitial process. The more diffuse distribution may be related to the ability of asbestos to reach alveoli more consistently or its ability to penetrate epithelial cells, or to both.

Pathogenesis

Once inhaled, the asbestos fibers deposit in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts. Fibrosis is initiated in the peribronchiolar area of the lung. As the disease progresses, the fibrotic process extends into adjacent alveoli. There is an approximately 15 year lag between the time of exposure and symptoms – often being closer to 20 years.

Complications

This combination image is a CT through a mass in the LUL showing focal pleural calcification overlayed in green (2) in this patient with asbestos related disease. A pneumothorax followed the biopsy revealing that the pleural plaques are positioned on the parietal pleura.(3,4) A small amount of air introduced from the xylocaine injection outlines the parietal pleura.(5,6) Courtesy Jorge Medina MD. 32017c.jpg

This combination of images are from a patient with mesothelioma associated with asbestos related disease. Note the pleural plaques in images 3,4,5, the contracted hemithorax (1), the pleural origin of the density (2) characterised by blunted costophrenic angle, and the rind of soft tissue around the heart (3) and in the posterior costophrenic spavce. (3,4). The pathology shows a combination of malignant proliferation of stromal and glandular elements (7) abutting relatively normal lung (6) Courtesy Ashley Davidoff MD. 32215c code lung pleura mesothelioma mass malignant heart pericardium mesothelioma cardiac imaging radiology CXR plain film CT histopathology CTscan

Grosspathology

PLEURAL DISEASE
Pleural plaques are abnormal collections of collagen that are attached to the parietal pleura, most commonly involving the posterolateral aspect of the thorax.  85% of the parietal pleural plaques are calcified. The calcification is recognized in only 15% of cases radiographically.

 

PARENCHYMAL DISEASE
The degree of fibrosis is related to both the duration and the magnitude of exposure.

 

This is a post mortem specimen shows a yellowish white pleural plaque in this patient with asbestos related disease. The plaque is on theparietal pleura. Courtesy Ashley DavidoffMD. a87-156 32222

 

Imaging

PLEURAL DISEASE
The finding of bilateral calcified plaques on chest x-ray is a relatively specific marker for asbestos exposure.
Histologically 85% of the parietal pleural plaques are calcified; however, this calcification is recognized in only 15% of cases radiographically

 

PARENCHYMAL DISEASE:
The chest x-ray is the most diagnostic examination The classical findings include irregular and linear opacities of the lower lobes. Middle lobe and lingula are also commonly involved giving rise to the “shaggy” heart border.

 

 

 

Asbetosis   Radiopedia